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Paper · 2404.03036 · NAACL · 2024

MULAN : A Study of Fact Mutability in Language Models

Emanuele Bugliarello, Yova Kementchedjhieva, Anders Søgaard, Constanza Fierro, Nicolas Garneau

arXiv · PDF · Open in the Atlas

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Abstract

Facts are subject to contingencies and can be true or false in different circumstances. One such contingency is time, wherein some facts mutate over a given period, e.g., the president of a country or the winner of a championship. Trustworthy language models ideally identify mutable facts as such and process them accordingly. We create MULAN , a benchmark for evaluating the ability of English language models to anticipate time-contingency, covering both 1:1 and 1:N relations. We hypothesize that mutable facts are encoded differently than immutable ones, hence being easier to update. In a detailed evaluation of six popular large language models, we consistently find differences in the LLMs' confidence, representations, and update behavior, depending on the mutability of a fact. Our findings should inform future work on the injection of and induction of timecontingent knowledge to/from LLMs. 1

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