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Paper · 2603.01732 · 2026

Bootstrapping Embeddings for Low Resource Languages

Mattia Opper, Merve Basoz, Andrew Horne

arXiv · PDF · Open in the Atlas

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RepositoryRoleRan
mbasoz/xllora-embedding canonical 0 of 5
FunctionStatusWhere it lives
cl_or_sentemb_forward Not yet run mbasoz/xllora-embedding/src/simcse_train.py
code served (permissive licence) · get_code("c30690135148911a")
generate_pairs_df Not yet run mbasoz/xllora-embedding/src/generate_answers_multigpu.py
code served (permissive licence) · get_code("213cd4addc2af25d")
last_dir Not yet run mbasoz/xllora-embedding/src/evaluation_mteb.py
code served (permissive licence) · get_code("c299ba74525ae352")
preprocess_sts Not yet run mbasoz/xllora-embedding/src/simcse_train.py
code served (permissive licence) · get_code("1a1bd28fcf95f9eb")
to_chat_format Not yet run mbasoz/xllora-embedding/src/generate_answers_multigpu.py
code served (permissive licence) · get_code("65c47b0359649891")

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Abstract

Embedding models are crucial to modern NLP. However, the creation of the most effective models relies on carefully constructed supervised finetuning data. For high resource languages, such as English, such datasets are readily available. However, for hundreds of other languages, they are simply non-existent. We investigate whether the advent of large language models can help to bridge this gap. We test three different strategies for generating synthetic triplet data used to optimise embedding models. These include in-context learning as well as two novel approaches, leveraging adapter composition and cross lingual finetuning of the LLM generator (XL-LoRA) respectively. We find that while in-context learning still falls short of strong non-synthetic baselines, adapter composition and XL-LoRA yield strong performance gains across a wide array of tasks and languages, offering a clear, scalable pathway to producing performant embedding models for a wide variety of languages.

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