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Paper · 2605.30486 · 2026

Graph-Conditioned Mixture of Graph Neural Network Experts for Traffic Forecasting

Amirhossein Ghaffari, Ekaterina Gilman, Saeid Sheikhi

arXiv · PDF · Open in the Atlas

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Abstract

Spatio-temporal forecasting on sensor graphs is commonly tackled with a single backbone architecture applied uniformly across all nodes, although graph regions can exhibit different dynamics. Road segments differ in functional class, structure, and traffic behavior, suggesting that node-wise expert specialization can be useful. We propose GC-MoE, a graphconditioned mixture of experts framework that assigns each node a personalized combination of frozen forecasting experts based on graph topology and the recent traffic input window. GC-MoE combines frozen pretrained spatio-temporal GNN experts with an input-aware, spatially contextualized router while training only a lightweight routing module. We also study a bounded graph-conditioned output refinement layer as an optional extension and include node-adaptive ST-LoRA adapters only as an ablation diagnostic. Across four standard benchmarks (PEMS04, PEMS07, METR-LA, and PEMS-BAY), GC-MoE improves MAE over a zero-parameter ensemble baseline, with competitive RMSE and MAPE, while training only ∼17K parameters on top of 1.5M frozen expert weights. The implementation is available at https://github.com/Ahghaffari/gc moe.

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