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Paper · 2606.29326 · 2026

Gradient boosting with vector-valued leafs

David Cortes

arXiv · PDF · Open in the Atlas

Code that ran

We lifted 5 functions out of this paper's own repositories and ran 4 of them in a sandbox. "Ran" means the function executed on a synthesized input and returned a value. It is not a reproduction of the paper's results.

RepositoryRoleRan
dmlc/xgboost canonical 4 of 5
FunctionStatusWhere it lives
c_str Ran dmlc/xgboost/python-package/xgboost/_c_api.py
code served (permissive licence) · get_code("0d8f0cd07c110959")
from_pystr_to_cstr Ran dmlc/xgboost/python-package/xgboost/_c_api.py
code served (permissive licence) · get_code("87d692e5415117a7")
lazy_isinstance Ran dmlc/xgboost/python-package/xgboost/compat.py
code served (permissive licence) · get_code("db21a10670081f9e")
py_str Ran dmlc/xgboost/python-package/xgboost/compat.py
code served (permissive licence) · get_code("fea37025885dd1ff")
allreduce Not yet run dmlc/xgboost/python-package/xgboost/collective.py
code served (permissive licence) · get_code("7a4cfe12cf611fc1")

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Abstract

Gradient boosting in the form of decision tree ensembles has successfully been applied to a variety of problems using simple objective functions based on log-likelihoods of a single variable. The concept extends naturally to objective functions operating on vectors -for example, multinomial logistic log-likelihood for multi-class classification, where observations have a score for each class -but popular frameworks approach these functions by either updating one value of the input vectors at a time, or by using a diagonal upper bound on the second derivative. This work extends the usual gradient boosting framework to functions of vector inputs and sketches a simple algorithm that can be used efficiently with histogram-based decision trees.

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