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Paper · 2607.26577 · 2026

Simultaneous Coverage and Efficiency Guarantee in Online Conformal Prediction

Rahul Vaze

arXiv · PDF · Open in the Atlas

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Abstract

Adaptive conformal inference (ACI) of Gibbs and Candès [13] and its variants are the standard approach to online conformal prediction under distribution shift, but they suffer from three fundamental limitations. First, their guarantees control only the signed long-run coverage error: persistent miscoverage in one direction can be masked by compensating errors later, so a method can satisfy the theoretical guarantee while being badly wrong for extended periods. Second, existing guarantees say nothing about prediction-set size, so validity can be achieved trivially at the cost of unduly wide prediction sets. Third, the efficiency guarantees that do exist compare against a fixed predictor chosen in hindsight, a benchmark that becomes increasingly less meaningful once the data-generating distribution shifts, since the very notion of an optimal threshold then changes over time. We consider a unified online learning framework that simultaneously controls absolute, non-cancelling coverage violation and prediction-set efficiency against a dynamically evolving benchmark for three important models. In the fully adversarial setting, exploiting the fact that the standard ACI update is exactly projected online gradient descent on the pinball loss, we derive simultaneous coverage and efficiency guarantees for arbitrary monotone Lipschitz efficiency objectives, with no distributional or convexity assumptions. In the stochastic setting with full-score feedback, we propose a sliding-window quantile tracker and establish a matching minimax lower bound showing our algorithm is rate-optimal. In the covariate-dependent stochastic setting, we develop a partitioned ACI algorithm that tracks a functionvalued oracle threshold, and derive simultaneous coverage and efficiency guarantees. Together, these results give the first framework offering simultaneous, non-cancelling coverage and efficiency guarantees for online conformal prediction under non-stationarity, and precisely characterize how performance degrades as feedback becomes coarser and the target becomes covariate-dependent.

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